Radicle Protocol Guide

How Radicle works under the hood

Heartwood, the latest generation of the Radicle protocol establishes a sovereign data network for code collaboration and publishing, built on top of Git. In Radicle, users maintain local copies of their repositories of interest and related social artifacts such as issues and patches. Instead of depending on a centralized service like GitHub, each participant in Radicle operates a node that is capable of running on a personal computer, and is connected via a peer-to-peer network.

Nodes, identified by public keys, host and synchronize Git repositories across the network, using a novel gossip protocol for peer and repository discovery, alongside Git’s protocol for data replication. In combination, this allows nodes to locate, replicate, and verify any repository published to the network, provided at least one other peer seeding the repository is online. Since Radicle is built on Git, it can easily interoperate with existing tools and workflows.

Radicle’s architecture is local-first, ensuring continuous access to one’s repositories directly from their device, regardless of internet connectivity. Repositories have unique identifiers and are self-certifying, meaning all actions, from committing code to adding a comment to an issue, are performed locally and cryptographically signed, allowing peers to verify authenticity and data provenance once propagated to the network. This allows trust to be established without reliance on a centralized authority.

Radicle is designed for extensibility, allowing for diverse use cases without necessitating modifications at the protocol level. This guide delves into the capabilities of Radicle’s initial release, which has a focus on code collaboration and code publishing. Nonetheless, a range of other applications is foreseen in the future and possible today, including knowledge sharing, project coordination, and data set collaboration.

Introduction

Git, the most widely-used distributed version control system, enables users to maintain and modify personal copies of data repositories, commonly for source code control. Its structure for direct user-to-user collaboration, while feasible, is often cumbersome since Git primarily focuses on version control rather than collaboration. As a result, users frequently opt for centralized forges like GitHub or GitLab, which offer enhanced interfaces and collaborative tools on top of Git, such as project management and code review. This dependency, however, can result in vendor lock-in since it places a project’s social artifacts (e.g. issues, comments, pull requests) out of user control, potentially compromising data sovereignty and other user freedoms.

Traditional self-hosted forges like Gitea or Forgejo provide more sovereignty but often lead to fragmented collaboration environments, as users must create separate profiles for each hosted instance. This simultaneously limits a project’s exposure to the wider open source community, a key advantage of platforms like GitHub, which have grown significantly due to network effects. This isolation can impact the visibility and collaborative potential of projects that choose traditional self-hosted solutions.

The Radicle protocol, in contrast, extends Git’s capabilities with a decentralized identity system, novel gossip protocol, and integrated social artifacts, forming a self-hosted network for code collaboration. Radicle locates, serves, and replicates Git repositories – including artifacts – across a peer-to-peer network while maintaining data authenticity via cryptographic signatures, so peers can directly exchange data without the need for a trusted third party. This enables communities to both self-host and share their repositories across a distributed protocol, contributing to the emergence of a new sovereign network for code collaboration and more.

Nodes

Radicle is a peer-to-peer system, which means that there is no traditional client-server model. Peers on the Radicle network are referred to as nodes, and are indistinguishable from users at the protocol level. Nodes, identified by their Node ID (NID) – an Ed25519 public key – are responsible for seeding Git repositories, each identified by a unique Repository ID (RID). The seeding process involves both hosting the repository data and synchronizing changes with other nodes. Every Radicle user, irrespective of their role or activity, runs a node on their device. No specialized equipment is necessary for operating a node as a typical end-user; nodes can run on a personal computer without requiring a server.

Seeding Repositories

Whenever a user clones, initializes, or opts to seed a repository, their node’s seeding policy is changed to reflect their choices. This policy establishes the repositories they are interested in and sets the rules for data retention, and synchronization, allowing users to have direct control over which repositories are kept on their device and offered to the network.

The typical end-user may choose to only seed the repositories they are actively collaborating on. However, more dedicated users may opt to run an always-on seed node, offering their infrastructure to the wider Radicle network or to their community. Seed nodes significantly enhance the network’s capacity to provide continuous access to a broad range of repositories. They can vary in their seeding policies, from public seed nodes that openly seed all repositories to community seed nodes that selectively seed repositories from a group of trusted peers.

Node Identifiers (NIDs)

Radicle node identity is based on public-key cryptography, which makes it easy to verify the authenticity of messages within the network through digital signatures. This also allows for consistent identification even as a user’s physical address varies. When setting up a node, users generate their unique key pair, an Ed25519 public and private key, the public part of which is encoded and shared as a Decentralized Identifier (DID). Creating a node identity requires no permission or coordination: the key pair can be created while offline without providing an email address or any personal identifying information.

did:key:z6MkhaXgBZDvotDkL5257faiztiGiC2QtKLGpbnnEGta2doK

Example Node ID encoded as a DID using the did:key method.

It is important to safeguard one’s private key, as if it is either lost or compromised, one will have to generate a new node identity. A changeable, non-unique alias can optionally be associated to each node, for easier human identification across the network.

Running a Node

To run a node and connect to the network, users install Radicle client software that is lightweight and suitable for use on both end-user devices and seed nodes. The reference implementation can be found in the Radicle Heartwood repository, and is actively maintained by a small team of engineers.

The Radicle stack is comprised of both the network client and a command line interface (CLI), which can be optionally supplemented with a web frontend. Radicle is released under the open source MIT and Apache 2.0 licenses, to encourage the development of diverse clients and applications. All client software adheres to the Radicle protocol specification, as outlined in the Radicle Improvement Proposals (RIPs) repository, ensuring consistent functionality across implementations.

Peer-to-peer Protocol

Radicle adopts a local-first, peer-to-peer (P2P) architecture, which draws inspiration from Secure Scuttlebutt (SSB) and Bitcoin’s Lightning Network.

Nodes on the Radicle network subscribe to repository data they are interested in, and peers announce updates that in turn trigger fetches for the underlying content. Just like SSB and Lightning, updates are gossiped on the network until they reach all interested peers.

Peer connections in Radicle are secured thanks to a Noise protocol handshake. Radicle uses the Noise XK pattern specifically, just like the Lightning Network with the Node ID as the static key. This requires nodes to know the Node IDs of their peers before connecting to them, which takes place through the exchange of peer information over the gossip protocol.

Unlike SSB’s focus on social networking via append-only logs, Radicle focuses on code collaboration by incorporating Git’s object model and transfer protocol into a peer-to-peer context. This architecture not only leverages Git’s proven efficiency and reliability but also gives users complete autonomy over their social artifacts. Radicle’s peer-to-peer architecture, in contrast to federated systems, ensures no centralized points of failure, allowing the network to persist as long as users operate nodes.

A set of connected peers forming a gossip network.

Gossip Protocol

The Radicle networking layer is designed as a gossip protocol, where messages are relayed between peers to build routing tables that aid in repository discovery and replication. The core functionality is achieved with three message types, each fulfilling a distinct role:

Node Announcements are used for broadcasting Node IDs and physical addresses on which a node is publicly reachable, to facilitate peer discovery.

Node Announcement
`features`	`u64`	Advertised node capabilities
`timestamp`	`u64`	Message timestamp (unix time)
`alias`	`u8[]`	Non-unique alias (UTF-8)
`addresses`	`Address[]`	External addresses
`nonce`	`u64`	Nonce used for DoS protection

Inventory Announcements are used for broadcasting repository inventories and constructing the routing table which maps out what repositories are hosted where.

Inventory Announcement
`inventory`	`RepoID[]`	Repository inventory
`timestamp`	`u64`	Message timestamp (unix time)

Reference Announcements are used for broadcasting updates to repositories, relayed only to nodes interested in the relevant repository.

Refs Announcement
`rid`	`RepoID`	Repository that was updated
`refs`	`{NodeID, OID}[]`	Updated signed refs (`rad/sigrefs`)
`timestamp`	`u64`	Message timestamp (unix time)

OID stands for Object ID and represents the SHA-1 hashes used by Git to identify objects.

To prevent endless propagation, nodes drop any message already encountered. However, for the sake of broadcasting messages to new nodes, gossip messages may be temporarily stored and replayed to nodes joining the network for the first time, or after a long period of being offline.

Each announcement includes the originating Node ID along with a cryptographic signature and timestamp, allowing network participants to verify the authenticity of messages before relaying them to peers.

Announcement message structure.

Tip: Refer to RIP-1 to learn more details about Radicle’s networking protocol.

Transport Encryption & Privacy

Connections between peers in the Radicle network are encrypted using a Noise protocol handshake. This begins with two peers performing a Diffie-Hellman key exchange to agree on a shared session key that is used for the duration of the connection.

Radicle uses the XK handshake pattern, which requires the connection responder’s static key to be known in advance by the initiator. This pre-sharing takes place over the gossip network via the NodeAnnouncement message, since the static key is simply the Node ID.

Once the static key is known, a connection to the node can be initiated securely, by generating an ephemeral key from the static key, using Diffie-Hellman. The last step involves the initiating node sending its own static key over the secure channel.

After the handshake phase is completed, all data exchanged between peers is fully encrypted and benefits from strong forward secrecy, ensuring secure and private communications across the network.

Tip: Radicle also supports Tor addresses. Users can leverage Tor to hide their IP address from peers, and connect to .onion addresses on the Tor network.

Replication via Git

While gossip is used to exchange metadata, actual repository data is transferred via replication using the Git protocol. The process begins with a node establishing a secure connection to one or more of the repository’s seeds, upon receiving a reference or inventory announcement of interest.

Once connected, the node initiates a Git fetch protocol, which involves negotiating which objects should be sent or skipped by the remote node. The objects are then downloaded into the node’s storage, making them accessible to other nodes via the same process.

Since Radicle uses a framing protocol for all its sessions, the fetch protocol is able to take place over the same physical connection between nodes as the gossip protocol. This allows for a more efficient use of resources and avoids certain problems with NATs. Although Git’s protocols are typically connection-based, Radicle’s design allows for multiple concurrent Git fetches to take place over a single connection.

Connection multiplexing in Radicle.

Bootstrap Nodes

A node joining the network for the first time will not know any peers. Hence, it’s useful to pre-configure network clients with addresses of well-known nodes that can be used to initiate or bootstrap the peer discovery process and build an address book.

Radicle’s reference implementation is pre-configured with two bootstrap nodes that are connected to if the address book is empty: seed.radicle.garden and seed.radicle.xyz. These are nodes run by the Radicle team and have large address books that are shared with connecting peers.

In the bootstrapping process, nodes connect to an initial set of bootstrap nodes and once they establish a connection, use the regular peer discovery mechanism to find more peers.

Federation vs. Peer-to-peer

Federation allows for a degree of sovereignty, as each node can set its content policies, but user experience and identity are ultimately tied and mediated by these nodes’ administrators rather than by the users themselves.

federation /ˌfɛdəˈreɪʃn/ n.

(Computing) A system architecture where multiple independent servers or nodes operate under a common set of standards and protocols, allowing them to share data, resources, and functionalities across boundaries while maintaining autonomy. This model enables interoperability and collective services among diverse systems without fully centralizing control, thereby enhancing privacy, scalability, and resilience. Each node in a federated network can set its policies, manage its users, and control its data.

Although federated models promote a level of decentralization, they face unique challenges, such as when node operators decide to block other nodes, taking that choice away from its users and restricting the free flow of information.

Federated systems also face challenges related to incentives; specifically, when the operational costs of maintaining a node exceed the perceived benefits, node operators are often compelled to shut down. This can disrupt access for users, undermining the platform’s reliability and the continuity of service.

While Radicle seed nodes face similar challenges, this has little bearing on the end user: seed nodes are interchangeable and offer an undifferentiated service; they are not tied to a user’s identity or access to the network.

Federation (left) vs. peer-to-peer (right).

Repositories

Repositories are central to the Radicle network, serving as the primary data abstraction and object shared between peers. A repository in Radicle is fundamentally a Git repository, supplemented with a unique repository identifier (RID) and metadata essential for validating the authenticity of its contents.

Radicle repositories, which can be either public or private, can accommodate diverse content including source code, documentation, and arbitrary data sets. All repositories are initialized with an identity document from which a unique Repository ID (RID) is derived.

The identity document is where repository permissions and ownership are defined, as well as identifying metadata such as name and description.

Delegates

Repositories are managed and owned by what are called delegates. A delegate is an individual, group, or bot, identified by a DID. Delegates are responsible for critical tasks such as merging patches, addressing issues, and modifying repository permissions. A repository always begins with one delegate, its creator, and can eventually grow to multiple delegates.

Identity Document

Before a repository can be published on Radicle, it needs to be initialized with an identity document. This JSON document, stored under the refs/rad/id reference in Git, encapsulates key metadata such as the repository’s name, description, and default branch. It also includes the DIDs of the repository’s delegates and the threshold of delegate signatures required to authorize changes to the repository’s default branch.

Here’s an example of the identity document for the heartwood repository:

{
  "delegates": ["did:key:z6MknSLrJoTcukLrE435hVNQT4JUhbvWLX4kUzqkEStBU8Vi"],
  "threshold": 1,
  "payload": {
    "xyz.radicle.project": {
      "name": "heartwood",
      "description": "Radicle Heartwood Protocol & Stack ❤️🪵",
      "defaultBranch": "master"
    }
  }
}

Private Repositories

Radicle supports private repositories where access is restricted to a designated group of trusted peers. This is achieved by setting the visibility attribute in the identity document. For example, the following snippet sets the visibility to private, while also allowing a specific peer to have access to the repository.

{
  ...
  "visibility": {
    "type": "private",
    "allow": ["did:key:z6Mkt67GdsW7715MEfRuP4pSZxJRJh6kj6Y48WRqVv4N1tRk"]
  }
}

This ensures only nodes in the privacy set can replicate and access the data, maintaining confidentiality. While the data is not encrypted at rest, these repositories rely on selective replication through the allow list for privacy, which renders them invisible and inaccessible to other nodes in the Radicle network.

Note that repository delegates always have access to their private repositories.

Repository Identifier (RID)

To ensure uniqueness and easy identification of repositories, a stable and globally unique identifier, known as the Repository Identifier (RID), is assigned to each repository. The RID is deterministically derived from the initial version of the repository’s identity document. This process involves using Git’s hash-object function to produce a 160-bit SHA-1 digest of the document. This is then encoded using multibase encoding with the base-58-btc alphabet, and prefixed with rad:, making it a valid URN:

rad:z3gqcJUoA1n9HaHKufZs5FCSGazv5

Example Repository ID for the heartwood project.

Since the RID is derived from the initial version of the repository’s identity document, the document is able to change while the RID remains the same.

Tip: Refer to RIP-2 for more details about how repository identity works in the Radicle protocol.

Local-First Storage

Storage is designed in such a way that it’s easy to transfer data between peers over the network using an unmodified Git protocol. Radicle repositories are simply Git repositories stored in a special location on disk. Peer data is stored within the same repository using Git namespaces, where Node IDs are used as the namespace. This allows storage to be managed through a partitioned approach where each user maintains their own local fork of a repository, as well as any other forks they have an interest in, all within the same Git repository. These forks are then shared among users across the network.

Each repository fork has a single owner and writer, and users are only permitted to make changes to their respective forks.

Working vs. Stored Copy

Storage is accessed directly by the node to report its inventory to other nodes, and by the end user through either specialized tooling or the git command line tool. Users are typically interacting with two repository copies: the working copy, and a remote stored copy that is interacted with via git push and git fetch, using Radicle’s git-remote-helper.

This workflow is akin to what most developers are used to, when synchronizing changes between their working copy, and the origin remote, which is typically a repository on a hosted Git forge.

Changes to the stored copy are automatically propagated to the network when the user is connected to the internet, but can also be made while offline. This local-first design not only enhances the user experience by making offline work frictionless, but also eliminates the need for centralized servers.

Synchronizing the working copy with the stored copy of a repository.

Storage Layout

Radicle’s storage layout is designed to support multiple repositories and multiple peers per repository. Each repository is a bare Git repository, stored under a common base directory, identified uniquely with its Repository ID or RID. Instead of each of the repository’s peers storing data in a separate Git repository with a separate object database (ODB), peer data is stored within the same Git repository using Git namespaces.

A bare Git repository is a repository stripped of its working directory, containing only the version history (the contents of the .git directory). It's used primarily as a remote repository that developers can push to and pull from, but cannot directly edit files or commit changes in.

For each peer, including the local peer, their unique Node ID (NID) is used as the namespace. Thus, each peer has its own namespaced references (eg. refs/heads, and refs/tags), while sharing the underlying objects (i.e. commits and blobs) with other namespaces via a shared object database. This design ensures only one copy of each object is stored across all repository forks.

Since the underlying storage uses Git, the storage layout below is represented as a file tree on the file-system, with <storage> representing the storage root, or top-level directory under which all repositories are stored on a user’s device. For every repository, each peer associated with that repository must have a separate, logical Git source tree – which contains all the usual reference categories. This logical repository is also known as the repository fork or view, and allows nodes to maintain local data for all peers in the same physical repository.

<storage>                     # Storage root containing all repositories
├─ <rid>                      # Storage for first repository
│  └─ refs                    # All Git references locally stored
│     └─ namespaces           # All peer source trees or "forks"
│        ├─ <nid>             # First node's source tree
│        │  └─ refs           # First node's Git references
│        │     ├─ heads       # First node's branches
│        │     │   └─ master  # First node's master branch
│        │     └─ tags        # First node's tags
│        │
│        └─ <nid>             # Second node's source tree
│           ├─ refs           # Second node's references
│           └─ ...
├─ <rid>                      # Storage for second repository
│   ...
└─ <rid>                      # etc.
    ...

Though this storage tree is browsable by the user with standard file system commands, it is not meant to be interacted with directly by users, for risk of corrupting the data. Additionally, Git is free to pack the objects, which means they may not always appear as individual files.

Tip: Refer to RIP-3 to learn more about storage in the Radicle protocol.

Git URL Scheme

The Radicle protocol uses its own URL scheme to point to specific repository forks in the network. This allows the Git fetch and push commands to operate on the correct namespace when fetching or pushing code.

rad://z42hL2jL4XNk6K8oHQaSWfMgCL7ji/z6MknSLrJoTcukLrE435hVNQT4JUhbvWLX4kUzqkEStBU8Vi

Example URL for repository z42hL2jL4XNk6K8oHQaSWfMgCL7ji and peer z6MknSLrJoTcukLrE435hVNQT4JUhbvWLX4kUzqkEStBU8Vi.

The Radicle remote helper is what allows Git to interpret URLs with the rad:// scheme. By using this scheme, the user instructs Git to invoke the git-remote-rad executable during git push or git fetch, which allows the user to interact with the network through the storage layer.

For example, the above URL would map a push to the master branch to the following path under the local storage root:

/z42hL2jL4XNk6K8oHQaSWfMgCL7ji/refs/namespaces/z6MknSLrJoTcukLrE435hVNQT4JUhbvWLX4kUzqkEStBU8Vi/refs/heads/master

If a Node ID is not specified in the URL, Git will interact with the repository’s canonical references, also know as the authoritative repository state. This is the state agreed on by the repository delegates.

rad://z42hL2jL4XNk6K8oHQaSWfMgCL7ji

Example URL for repository z42hL2jL4XNk6K8oHQaSWfMgCL7ji's canonical references.

Trust through Self-Certification

Unlike centralized forges such as GitHub, where repositories are deemed authentic based on their location (e.g. https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin), in a decentralized network like Radicle, location is not enough. Instead, we need a way to automatically verify the data we get from any given location. This is because peers in a decentralized network may be dishonest. Radicle’s approach hinges on the self-certifying nature of its repositories, anchored in the repository identity document.

Canonical Branches

When repositories are hosted in a known, trusted location, updating the repository’s canonical branch (eg. master) is simply a matter of pushing to that repository’s branch. Permission to push is granted to a small set of maintainers, and any one maintainer is allowed to update the branch.

In Radicle, lacking a central location where repositories are hosted, the canonical branch is established dynamically based on the signature threshold defined in the repository’s identity document. For example, if a threshold of two out of three delegates is set, with the default branch set to master, and two delegates have pushed the same commit to their master branches, that commit is recognized as the authoritative, canonical state of the repository.

Note: Currently, only the branch specified under the defaultBranch attribute of the identity document is set automatically based on a signature threshold. In the future, additional branches may be supported.

Self-certifying Repositories

Together, a repository’s RID and its identity document create a cryptographic proof that serves as the basis for verifying all repository states leading up to its current state. For this reason, we say that Radicle repositories are self-certifying: the process of verification doesn’t require any inputs other than the repository itself.

For repositories to be self-certifying, delegates authenticate every change to the repository data and metadata via cryptographic signatures. This includes all Git references published to the network.

Signed Refs

To enable the verification of Git references beyond commits to the source code, Radicle automatically signs the entirety of a node’s references every time they change. This signature is then placed in a Git blob under a special branch referenced under refs/rad/sigrefs, along with the references that were signed.

9767b485c2aad1e23097d2b5165287ba84cfa452 refs/heads/master
f3eaa7454e3a4714885905ae99f616fc7895b5fa refs/cobs/xyz.radicle.patch/fe31d5b6049583a42c21a543545d182b893aa4a0
0590b78ee42b39087983e4de04164065e5aa11bc refs/cobs/xyz.radicle.patch/ffbb812ad6e7fe1c5c610b1246ca5ca9d7d16027

Example refs blob under a user's refs/rad/sigrefs branch.

The signed references are in the same format as the

git
show-ref

command.

Signed refs are key to establishing a repository’s canonical state and are updated whenever there are changes to a repository.

Given an RID and a Radicle repository clone, anyone can retrieve the initial identity document and authenticate all subsequent repository updates without a trusted third party. This verification model draws inspiration from The Update Framework (TUF), a framework designed to secure software update systems.

Collaborative Objects

In the Radicle protocol, Collaborative Objects (COBs) play an important role in supplementing Git with social artifacts such as issues, code reviews and discussions, which are not inherently supported by Git. Typically, these artifacts are only found on centralized platforms like GitHub or GitLab, or their self-hosted counterparts.

In Radicle, COBs allow for social artifacts to be stored directly inside a repository, and replicated between peers. This means that social artifacts inherit the same properties as source code: they are local-first, user-owned, and cryptographically signed.

Radicle includes three predefined collaborative object types to support code collaboration: Issues, Patches, and Identities, but users have full control to customize them or extend Radicle with entirely new COB types.

Issues (xyz.radicle.issue) are used for tracking bugs or feature requests, and support discussions, labeling and assigning.
Patches (xyz.radicle.patch) are used to propose changes to a branch, and support reviews, versioning of changes and discussions.
Identities (xyz.radicle.id) are used to represent identity documents.

COBs are identified by a unique type name in reverse domain name notation and a unique Object ID.

Concurrency & Consistency

In a system with no central server, operation concurrency is the norm. If two users comment on an issue at the same time, those comments will reach peers in the network at different times and in different orders. To maintain a good user experience, it’s important that these factors don’t determine the issue’s final state. All users must eventually converge to the same exact state and see the same thing.

To achieve this, Radicle makes use of Git’s native synchronization primitives, and encodes COBs as a set of commits in a directed acyclic graph (DAG). Each issue, patch or identity document is represented by one such commit graph that is disjoint from any other COB or source code branch.

This representation gives Radicle a few things for free:

Data integrity is guaranteed by Git.
Synchronization is handled by Git.
Causal dependencies can be modeled as commit parent-child relationships.

It may be useful to think of Radicle’s usage of Git commit histories as a form of conflict-free replicated data type (CRDT). When the histories of two peers are synchronized, the commit graphs are simply unioned with each other in a non-destructive, idempotent way.

Then, to materialize the state that is displayed to the user, this new graph is reduced in topological order, starting from the root of the graph and going up to the tips. This ordering happens to be causally consistent, ensuring that changes that have observed other changes are traversed in causal order. Since topological ordering may yield partial orders in the face of concurrency, a merge function is also defined, the simplest of which is to traverse the partially-ordered graph vertices sorted by their commit hash. If a merge function cannot be defined, a COB may be configured to treat this as a conflict which can be bubbled up to the user.

In summary, this mechanism supports multiple users independently interacting without coordination. Each COB records the initial version of an object and tracks all subsequent modifications made across the network. Each modification is stored as a separate Git commit object to ensure that the CRDT change graph is compatible with Git’s fetch protocol. To retrieve the current state of an object, the system replays all the changes to the object in a deterministic and causally-consistent order.

Extending COBs

Radicle’s predefined COB types are stored under the refs/cobs hierarchy. These are associated with unique namespaces, such as xyz.radicle.issue and xyz.radicle.patch, to prevent naming collisions.

This hierarchical arrangement under refs/cobs not only houses Radicle’s predefined COBs but also accommodates user-defined ones. For example, if a user or organization were to define a new COB type under their domain, it might look something like com.acme.task, for some hypothetical “task” COB under the acme.com domain.

This extensibility allows for an unlimited set of new collaboration primitives to be defined by users, without requiring coordination with the broader network or user-base.

Conclusion

The Radicle Heartwood protocol introduces a new approach to code collaboration and hosting rooted in sovereignty. Built upon Git’s well-established protocol, Radicle can easily interoperate with existing systems and workflows that are already familiar. Users have full control and ownership over their identity and data. Repositories are self-certifying data structures, meaning updates are cryptographically signed and can be verified by anyone, without needing a trusted third party. Every user in Radicle is self-hosting while remaining connected to a wider network. Radicle is highly extensible with its Collaborative Objects that enable full control and customization over workflows and datatypes, while also opening the possibility for Radicle to support a wider range of functionalities, potentially extending far beyond code collaboration.